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You're pretty much all correct.
Actions other than semi-auto can usually fire all three lengths just fine, but...
The "but" is that they may not feed properly from the magazine, and/or they will leave a ring of burnt lube and powder in the chamber if you fire a lot of them. That ring has to be cleaned out before you try to fire longer rounds in that gun.
Semi-autos are generally set up to feed and fire one kind of ammo only. At least 99% of the time these days, that means the longer, more powerful and MUCH more popular .22LR version. I have seen a few semi-autos set up for shorts only. Volquartsen used to modify Ruger 10/22s to fire shorts only - called it the Firefly.
Only very rarely do I see semi-autos that will fire any and all three. They were made a half century ago when all three kinds of ammo were popular.
Bottom line: ALWAYS, ALWAYS go by the caliber stamping on the barrel (or elsewhere). If it says ".22LR only" then that's it.
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