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The first one is easier. Different powders are -- different. Lil Gun just happens to produce high amounts of gas volume but at lower pressure, so you can get what almost amounts to a free lunch: good velocity at low pressures. It doesn't react that way in every cartridge, but it does in some.
Older guns weren't made with today's alloys or today's methods of heat treating. They really don't make them like they used to - they make them better!
Loading data for older cartridges (and their older rifles) like the .30-06 occasionally are reduced reflecting the fact that the rifles themselves are getting more and more used, worn and weaker. A cartridge invented yesterday doesn't have the problem of century-old rifles that can chamber it.
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